shall

American  

[shal, shuhl] / ʃæl, ʃəl /

auxiliary verb

imperative, infinitive, and participles lacking.

should past (2nd person singular), past (1st & 3rd person singular) , past (plural)

1. plan to, intend to, or expect to.

   I shall go later.

2. will have to, is determined to, or definitely will.

   You shall do it. He shall do it.

3. (in laws, directives, etc.) must; is or are obliged to.

   The meetings of the council shall be public.

4. (used interrogatively in questions, often in invitations).

   Shall we go?

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shall British  

/ ʃəl, ʃæl /

verb

1. used as an auxiliary to make the future tense Compare will 1

   we shall see you tomorrow

2. 1. used as an auxiliary to indicate determination on the part of the speaker, as in issuing a threat

      you shall pay for this!

   2. used as an auxiliary to indicate compulsion, now esp in official documents

      the Tenant shall return the keys to the Landlord

   3. used as an auxiliary to indicate certainty or inevitability

      our day shall come

3. (with any noun or pronoun as subject, esp in conditional clauses or clauses expressing doubt) used as an auxiliary to indicate nonspecific futurity

   I don't think I shall ever see her again

   he doubts whether he shall be in tomorrow

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Usage

The usual rule given for the use of shall and will is that where the meaning is one of simple futurity, shall is used for the first person of the verb and will for the second and third: I shall go tomorrow; they will be there now. Where the meaning involves command, obligation, or determination, the positions are reversed: it shall be done; I will definitely go. However, shall has come to be largely neglected in favour of will, which has become the commonest form of the future in all three persons

Commonly Confused

The traditional rule of usage guides dates from the 17th century and says that to denote future time shall is used in the first person ( I shall leave. We shall go ) and will in all other persons ( You will be there, won't you? He will drive us to the airport. They will not be at the meeting ). The rule continues that to express determination, will is used in the first person ( We will win the battle ) and shall in the other two persons ( You shall not bully us. They shall not pass ). Whether this rule was ever widely observed is doubtful. Today, will is used overwhelmingly in all three persons and in all types of speech and writing both for the simple future and to express determination. Shall has some use in all persons, chiefly in formal writing or speaking, to express determination: I shall return. We shall overcome. Shall also occurs in the language of laws and directives: All visitors shall observe posted regulations. Most educated native users of American English do not follow the textbook rule in making a choice between shall and will. See also should.

Other Word Forms

Conjugated Forms

Present

• shall
  singular 3rd person

Etymology

Origin of shall

First recorded before 900; Middle English shal, Old English sceal; cognate with Old Saxon skal, Old High German scal, Old Norse skal; compare German soll, Dutch zal

Example Sentences

For half an hour, gambling came to a halt while the protesters sang “We Shall Overcome.”

From The Wall Street Journal • Jun. 5, 2026

It’s a quietly shattering place “All Shall Be Well” goes to, in which a time of consoling devolves into petty matters of consolation.

From Los Angeles Times • Sep. 27, 2024

“Martin is a hard cookie. But he has his emotions and feelings. … It’s always a question: Shall I continue? How far can I do it?”

From Seattle Times • Jun. 2, 2024

"Shall we go straight into the tabloid story? 'The Staves tell all about their acrimonious split!'"

From BBC • Mar. 19, 2024

“Just a stupid animal. Shall we go in to dinner?”

From "The Inquisitor's Tale" by Adam Gidwitz