absolute zero

American  

noun

1. the temperature of −273.16°C (−459.69°F), the hypothetical point at which all molecular activity ceases.

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absolute zero British  

noun

1. the lowest temperature theoretically attainable, at which the particles constituting matter would be in the lowest energy states available; the zero of thermodynamic temperature; zero on the International Practical Scale of Temperature: equivalent to –273.15°C or –459.67°F

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absolute zero Scientific  

1. The lowest possible temperature, at which all molecules are have the least possible amount of kinetic energy. Absolute zero is equal to 0°K, −459.67°F, or −273.15°C. At temperatures approaching absolute zero, the physical characteristics of some substances change significantly. For example, some substances change from electrical insulators to conductors, while others change from conductors to insulators. Absolute zero has never been reached in laboratory experiments.

2. See also Bose-Einstein condensate zero-point energy

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absolute zero Cultural  

1. The lowest temperature that can be attained by matter, corresponding to the point at which most motion in atoms stops. Absolute zero is about –273 degrees on the Celsius scale and about –460 on the Fahrenheit (see also Fahrenheit) scale.

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Closer Look

The temperature of a substance is determined by the average velocity of its molecules: the faster they move, the warmer the substance. At absolute zero molecules have minimal kinetic energy (or zero-point energy) and heat energy cannot be extracted from them. The molecules are not motionless, however, due to the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, which entails that the atoms cannot have both a fixed position and zero momentum at the same time; instead, the molecules of a substance at absolute zero are always “wiggling” in some manner. Absolute zero is zero degrees Kelvin, equal to −273.15 degrees Celsius and −459.67 degrees Fahrenheit. The coldest known place in the universe is the Boomerang Nebula, where the temperature is −272° Celsius. Scientists at Massachusetts Institute of Technology have gone much lower than that by using laser traps and other techniques to cool rubidium to 2 × 10^null degrees Kelvin.

Example Sentences

These basic units of quantum information must be kept at temperatures close to absolute zero.

From Barron's

The Fermi level represents the highest energy level electrons can occupy in a solid at absolute zero.

From Science Daily

Instead, their magnetic moments remain strongly quantum-entangled and in constant collective motion at temperatures close to absolute zero, producing behavior that resembles emergent quantum electrodynamics.

From Science Daily

Many of them have components that need to be cooled to near absolute zero for quantum effects to become usable.

From The Wall Street Journal

Even so, most humans want absolute zero certainty rather than near-zero likelihood in their disaster forecasts.

From Salon