shall

American  

[shal, shuhl] / ʃæl, ʃəl /

auxiliary verb

imperative, infinitive, and participles lacking.

• shall,
  present (3rd person singular)
• should
  past

1. plan to, intend to, or expect to.

   I shall go later.

2. will have to, is determined to, or definitely will.

   You shall do it. He shall do it.

3. (in laws, directives, etc.) must; is or are obliged to.

   The meetings of the council shall be public.

4. (used interrogatively in questions, often in invitations).

   Shall we go?

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shall British  

/ ʃəl, ʃæl /

verb

1. used as an auxiliary to make the future tense Compare will 1

   we shall see you tomorrow

2. 1. used as an auxiliary to indicate determination on the part of the speaker, as in issuing a threat

      you shall pay for this!

   2. used as an auxiliary to indicate compulsion, now esp in official documents

      the Tenant shall return the keys to the Landlord

   3. used as an auxiliary to indicate certainty or inevitability

      our day shall come

3. (with any noun or pronoun as subject, esp in conditional clauses or clauses expressing doubt) used as an auxiliary to indicate nonspecific futurity

   I don't think I shall ever see her again

   he doubts whether he shall be in tomorrow

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Usage

The usual rule given for the use of shall and will is that where the meaning is one of simple futurity, shall is used for the first person of the verb and will for the second and third: I shall go tomorrow; they will be there now. Where the meaning involves command, obligation, or determination, the positions are reversed: it shall be done; I will definitely go. However, shall has come to be largely neglected in favour of will, which has become the commonest form of the future in all three persons

Commonly Confused

The traditional rule of usage guides dates from the 17th century and says that to denote future time shall is used in the first person ( I shall leave. We shall go ) and will in all other persons ( You will be there, won't you? He will drive us to the airport. They will not be at the meeting ). The rule continues that to express determination, will is used in the first person ( We will win the battle ) and shall in the other two persons ( You shall not bully us. They shall not pass ). Whether this rule was ever widely observed is doubtful. Today, will is used overwhelmingly in all three persons and in all types of speech and writing both for the simple future and to express determination. Shall has some use in all persons, chiefly in formal writing or speaking, to express determination: I shall return. We shall overcome. Shall also occurs in the language of laws and directives: All visitors shall observe posted regulations. Most educated native users of American English do not follow the textbook rule in making a choice between shall and will. See also should.

Other Word Forms

Conjugated Forms

Present

• shall
  simple

Past

• should
  simple

Etymology

Origin of shall

First recorded before 900; Middle English shal, Old English sceal; cognate with Old Saxon skal, Old High German scal, Old Norse skal; compare German soll, Dutch zal

Example Sentences

See Examples For:

shall should

"We shall not participate in anything that does not have His Majesty's approval."

From BBC ● Sep. 9, 2026

He ended his vows saying: "Your honour shall become my honour, your home shall become my home."

From Barron's ● Sep. 2, 2026

Alexander Hamilton warned the constitutional delegates that “if we incline too much to democracy, we shall shoot into a monarchy.”

From The Wall Street Journal ● Sep. 2, 2026

On Sunday, I shall manufacture five identical lunches, and by Thursday afternoon I will apparently still be delighted to encounter a lentil-and-quinoa bowl.

From Salon ● Aug. 25, 2026

“It’s such a good bargain. For your gold, I shall give you …” He reached behind a stack of straw, and the whole pile shook, as though an animal was struggling to get out.

From "Rump: The (Fairly) True Story of Rumpelstilskin" by Liesl Shurtliff

The administration will seek feedback on whether other immigrants with temporary legal statuses, such as refugees or those with work or student visas, should be included in the count or not.

From The Wall Street Journal ● Sep. 10, 2026

At a news conference Wednesday, City Councilmember Nithya Raman, Bass’ challenger in the November mayoral election, said the city should also join the competition to take over LAHSA’s duties.

From Los Angeles Times ● Sep. 10, 2026

A soft number on Friday would validate Fed staff projections that monthly inflation readings should decelerate to levels consistent with 2% inflation now that tariff effects have worked through the system.

From The Wall Street Journal ● Sep. 10, 2026

Both welcome the fact that menstrual health is being discussed more openly, but say the focus should be on individual experience, rather than rigid, phase-based rules.

From BBC ● Sep. 9, 2026

“In theory we should let this sit and cool off first, but I don’t think we’re wrong to taste test them now, don’t you agree?”

From "Red Flags and Butterflies" by Sheryl Azzam