-ing

¹ American  

1. a suffix of nouns formed from verbs, expressing the action of the verb or its result, product, material, etc. (the art of building; a new building; cotton wadding ). It is also used to form nouns from words other than verbs (offing; shirting ). Verbal nouns ending in -ing are often used attributively (the printing trade ) and in forming compounds (drinking song ). In some compounds (sewing machine ), the first element might reasonably be regarded as the participial adjective, -ing2, the compound thus meaning “a machine that sews,” but it is commonly taken as a verbal noun, the compound being explained as “a machine for sewing.”

---

-ing ² American  

1. a suffix forming the present participle of verbs (walking; thinking ), such participles being often used as participial adjectives: warring factions.

---

-ing ³ American  

1. a native English suffix meaning “one belonging to,” “of the kind of,” “one descended from,” and sometimes having a diminutive force, formerly used in the formation of nouns: farthing; shilling; bunting; gelding; whiting.

---

-ing ¹ British  

suffix

1. (from verbs) the action of, process of, result of, or something connected with the verb

   coming

   meeting

   a wedding

   winnings

2. (from other nouns) something used in, consisting of, involving, etc

   tubing

   soldiering

3. ( from other parts of speech )

   an outing

---

-ing ² British  

suffix

1. forming the present participle of verbs

   walking

   believing

2. forming participial adjectives

   a growing boy

   a sinking ship

3. forming adjectives not derived from verbs

   swashbuckling

---

-ing ³ British  

suffix

1. a person or thing having a certain quality or being of a certain kind

   sweeting

   whiting

---

Pronunciation

The common suffix -ing2 can be pronounced in modern English as either or , with either the velar nasal consonant , symbolized in IPA as [ŋ], or the alveolar nasal consonant , symbolized in IPA as [n]. The pronunciation therefore reflects the use of one nasal as against another and not, as is popularly supposed, “dropping the g, ” since no actual g -sound is involved. Many speakers use both pronunciations, depending on the speed of utterance and the relative formality of the occasion, with considered the more formal variant. For some educated speakers, especially in the southern United States and Britain, is in fact the more common pronunciation, while for other educated speakers, is common in virtually all circumstances. In response to correction from perceived authorities, many American speakers who would ordinarily use at least some of the time make a conscious effort to say , even in informal circumstances.

Etymology

Origin of -ing¹

Middle English; Old English -ing, -ung

Origin of -ing²

Middle English -ing, -inge ; the variant -in (usually represented in spelling as -inʾ ) continues Middle English -inde, -ende, Old English -ende

Origin of -ing³

Middle English, Old English -ing, cognate with Old Norse -ingr, -ungr, Gothic -ings

Example Sentences

“Strong external demand and the recent U.S. trade deal are expected to sustain the momentum in manufacturing output and exports,” ING senior economist Min Joo Kang said in a note.

From The Wall Street Journal

“The statement itself clearly signals that more hikes will come as long as the BOJ’s outlook continues to be realized, but the timing and magnitude of these hikes remain unclear,” said Min Joo Kang, South Korea and Japan economist at ING.

From Barron's

Kang at ING thinks the Ministry of Finance could intervene again around the 158/160 level for the yen, “although arguably it would prefer a backdrop of a soft dollar and a dovish Federal Reserve/imminent Fed easing to create a more supportive environment for FX intervention.”

From Barron's

“The statement itself clearly signals that more hikes will come as long as the BOJ’s outlook continues to be realized, but the timing and magnitude of these hikes remain unclear,” said Min Joo Kang, South Korea and Japan economist at ING.

From Barron's

Kang at ING thinks the Ministry of Finance could intervene again around the 158/160 level for the yen, “although arguably it would prefer a backdrop of a soft dollar and a dovish Federal Reserve/imminent Fed easing to create a more supportive environment for FX intervention.”

From Barron's

Related Words

• computer-generated
• virtual