of

¹

[uhv, ov, uhv, uh]

preposition

1. (used to indicate distance or direction from, separation, deprivation, etc.).

   within a mile of the church; south of Omaha; to be robbed of one's money.

2. (used to indicate derivation, origin, or source).

   a man of good family; the plays of Shakespeare; a piece of cake.

3. (used to indicate cause, motive, occasion, or reason).

   to die of hunger.

4. (used to indicate material, component parts, substance, or contents).

   a dress of silk; an apartment of three rooms; a book of poems; a package of cheese.

5. (used to indicate apposition or identity).

   Is that idiot of a salesman calling again?

6. (used to indicate specific identity or a particular item within a category).

   the city of Chicago; thoughts of love.

7. (used to indicate possession, connection, or association).

   the king of France; the property of the church.

8. (used to indicate inclusion in a number, class, or whole).

   one of us.

9. (used to indicate the objective relation, the object of the action noted by the preceding noun or the application of a verb or adjective).

   the ringing of bells; He writes her of home; I'm tired of working.

10. (used to indicate reference or respect).

    There is talk of peace.

11. (used to indicate qualities or attributes).

    an ambassador of remarkable tact.

12. (used to indicate a specified time).

    They arrived of an evening.

13. Chiefly Northern U.S.,  before the hour of; until.

    twenty minutes of five.

14. on the part of.

    It was very mean of you to laugh at me.

15. in respect to.

    fleet of foot.

16. set aside for or devoted to.

    a minute of prayer.

17. Archaic.,  by.

    consumed of worms.

of

²

[uhv]

auxiliary verb

Nonstandard.

1. have.

   He should of asked me first.

OF

³

Or OF.,

abbreviation

1. Old French.

of-

⁴

1. variant of ob- (by assimilation) before f: offend.

of

¹

/ ɒv, əv /

preposition

1. used with a verbal noun or gerund to link it with a following noun that is either the subject or the object of the verb embedded in the gerund

   the breathing of a fine swimmer (subject)

   the breathing of clean air (object)

2. used to indicate possession, origin, or association

   the house of my sister

   to die of hunger

3. used after words or phrases expressing quantities

   a pint of milk

4. constituted by, containing, or characterized by

   a family of idiots

   a rod of iron

   a man of some depth

5. used to indicate separation, as in time or space

   within a mile of the town

   within ten minutes of the beginning of the concert

6. used to mark apposition

   the city of Naples

   a speech on the subject of archaeology

7. about; concerning

   speak to me of love

8. used in passive constructions to indicate the agent

   he was beloved of all

9. informal,  used to indicate a day or part of a period of time when some activity habitually occurs

   I go to the pub of an evening

10. before the hour of

    a quarter of nine

OF

²

abbreviation

1. Old French (language)

Usage

Of is sometimes added to phrases beginning with the adverb how or too followed by a descriptive adjective: How long of a drive will it be? It's too hot of a day for tennis. This construction is probably modeled on that in which how or too is followed by much, an unquestionably standard use in all varieties of speech and writing: How much of a problem will that cause the government? There was too much of an uproar for the speaker to be heard. The use of of with descriptive adjectives after how or too is largely restricted to informal speech. It occurs occasionally in informal writing and written representations of speech. See also couple, off.

Spelling Note

Because the preposition of, when unstressed ( a piece of cake ), and the unstressed or contracted auxiliary verb have ( could have gone, could've gone ) are both pronounced or in connected speech, inexperienced writers commonly confuse the two words, spelling have as of ( I would of handed in my book report, but the dog ate it ). Professional writers have been able to exploit this spelling deliberately, especially in fiction, to help represent the speech of the uneducated: If he could of went home, he would of.

Word History and Origins

Origin of of¹

First recorded before 900; Middle English, Old English: “of, off”; cognate with German ab, Latin ab, Greek apó; a- ², o', off

Origin of of²

A phonetic spelling representing the pronunciation of the word in continuous rapid speech

Word History and Origins

Origin of of¹

Old English (as prep and adv); related to Old Norse af, Old High German aba, Latin ab, Greek apo

Example Sentences

Shares of Wendy’s Co. rallied in early Friday trading, after the fast-food chain reported third-quarter results that showed that, while its business was still struggling, it was actually doing better than Wall Street had expected.

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One of the problems identified by interim Chief Executive Ken Cook was that Wendy’s attempts to attract customers with meal deals were just confusing them and hurting the guest experience.

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Total revenue for the quarter to Sept. 28 was down 3% to $549.5 million, amid lower advertising funds revenue and lower franchise-royalty revenue, but that was above the average analyst estimate compiled by FactSet of $534.7 million.

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In a sign of how analyst expectations had deteriorated, the FactSet consensus at the end of the second quarter was for an increase of 0.2%.

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Net income for the quarter was down 11.8% to $44.3 million, while adjusted earnings per share, which excludes nonrecurring items, eased to 24 cents from 25 cents and topped the FactSet consensus of 20 cents.

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