spoken

adj.

in compounds, "speaking" (in a certain way), late-15c., from past participle of speak (v.).

v.

Old English specan, variant of sprecan "to speak" (class V strong verb; past tense spræc, past participle sprecen), from Proto-Germanic *sprekanan (cf. Old Saxon sprecan, Old Frisian spreka, Middle Dutch spreken, Old High German sprehhan, German sprechen "to speak," Old Norse spraki "rumor, report"), cognate with Latin spargere "to strew" (speech as a "scattering" of words; see sparse).

The -r- began to drop out in Late West Saxon and was gone by mid-12c., perhaps from influence of Danish spage "crackle," in a slang sense of "speak" (cf. crack in slang senses having to do with speech, e.g. wisecrack, cracker, all it's cracked up to be). Rare variant forms without -r- also are found in Middle Dutch (speken) and Old High German (spehhan).

Not the primary word for "to speak" in Old English (the "Beowulf" author prefers maþelian, from mæþel "assembly, council," from root of metan "to meet;" cf. Greek agoreuo "to speak," originally "speak in the assembly," from agora "assembly").

In addition to the idioms beginning with speak

• speak down to
• speak for
• speak of the devil
• speak one's mind
• speak one's piece
• speak out
• speak out of turn
• speak the same language
• speak too soon
• speak up
• speak volumes

also see:

• actions speak louder than words
• in a manner of speaking
• nothing to speak of
• not to mention (speak of)
• on speaking terms
• so to speak
• to speak of