arbitrary
Americanadjective
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subject to individual will or judgment without restriction; contingent solely upon one's discretion.
an arbitrary decision.
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decided by a judge or arbiter rather than by a law or statute.
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having unlimited power; uncontrolled or unrestricted by law; despotic; tyrannical.
an arbitrary government.
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based on whim or personal preference, without reason or pattern; random.
This is an unusual encyclopedia, arranged by topics in a more or less arbitrary order.
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Mathematics. undetermined; not assigned a specific value.
an arbitrary constant.
noun
adjective
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founded on or subject to personal whims, prejudices, etc; capricious
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having only relative application or relevance; not absolute
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(of a government, ruler, etc) despotic or dictatorial
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maths not representing any specific value
an arbitrary constant
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law (esp of a penalty or punishment) not laid down by statute; within the court's discretion
Other Word Forms
Etymology
Origin of arbitrary
First recorded in 1400–50; late Middle English, from Latin arbitrārius “uncertain” (i.e., depending on an arbiter's decision); see origin at arbiter, -ary
Explanation
Something that's arbitrary seems like it's chosen at random instead of following a consistent rule. Team members would dislike their coach using a totally arbitrary method to pick starting players. Even though arbitrary comes from a word meaning "judge" (arbiter), that doesn't mean judges are always fair. Calling a decision-maker arbitrary is usually a negative thing, suggesting the person is making rules based on whim rather than justice. A coach who selects starting players arbitrarily isn't strictly applying a rule; he could just be picking names out of a hat.
Vocabulary lists containing arbitrary
The Vocabulary.com Top 1000
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100 SAT Words Beginning with "A"
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The Declaration of Independence
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Example Sentences
Examples are provided to illustrate real-world usage of words in context. Any opinions expressed do not reflect the views of Dictionary.com.
A Federal Reserve paper published last year found substantial and arbitrary variation in agent commissions across metropolitan areas.
From MarketWatch • May 19, 2026
In their legal claim, the group alleges that Vodafone – which has more than 350 franchise stores – made business decisions in "irrational, arbitrary" ways.
From BBC • May 5, 2026
Ma suspects the real reason is because “as the monopoly operator of long-distance transmission, State Grid can impose arbitrary fees.”
From Barron's • Apr. 14, 2026
He found the work boring, subject to arbitrary management dictates and not satisfactorily remunerative.
From The Wall Street Journal • Apr. 12, 2026
This explains the fact that in some places the frontiers between the superstates are arbitrary.
From "1984" by George Orwell
Definitions and idiom definitions from Dictionary.com Unabridged, based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023
Idioms from The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
